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Anesth Analg 2008; 106:568-573
© 2008 International Anesthesia Research Society
doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181605412
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ECONOMICS, EDUCATION, AND POLICY

Learning Curves and Mathematical Models for Interventional Ultrasound Basic Skills

Getúlio Rodrigues de Oliveira Filho, MD, PhD, Pablo Escovedo Helayel, MD, Diogo Brüggemann da Conceição, MD, Ivo Sebastião Garzel, MD, Patrícia Pavei, MD, and Maurício Sperotto Ceccon, MD

From the Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Governador Celso Ramos, Nucleus for Teaching and Research in Medical Education, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Getúlio R. de Oliveira Filho, Rua Luiz Delfino 111/902-88015-360 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Address e-mail to grof{at}th.com.br.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: We aimed to construct learning curves and mathematical learning models for ultrasound basic skills: optimizing needle-ultrasound beam alignment and reaching a target inside a phantom.

METHODS: Thirty subjects participated in the study. Each subject performed 25 trials. Linear ultrasound probes and a bovine muscular phantom were used. In Experiment 1, subjects tried to insert a needle parallel to the ultrasound beam with full imaging of the needle. For Experiment 2, a segment of tendon was inserted longitudinally into the phantom at a depth of 1 to 1.5 cm. Subjects tried to insert the needle until contacting the tendon. Learning curves were constructed using the cumulative sum (cusum) method. Bush and Mosteller’s mathematical learning models were constructed for each skill.

RESULTS: Only 30% and 11% of subjects attained proficiency in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The predicted average numbers of trials to achieve 95% success rates as estimated from Bush and Mosteller’s models were 37 and 109, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Learning interventional ultrasound basic skills may require a considerable number of trials. Cusum charts revealed that individuals acquire such abilities at variable rates. As skills were assessed in phantoms, our results do not apply to blocks given to real patients.




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Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins with the assistance of Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2006 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999 HighWire Press
Copyright © 2008 by the International Anesthesia Research Society.